Graffiti

Graffiti (singular: graffiti, plural is used as a mass noun) is the name for the drawing or writing scratched, scrawled, painted or marked in any way on the property. Graffiti is a common sign of any kind which may arise in the form of the written word simply to elaborate wall paintings. Graffiti has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire In modern times the paint, especially spray paint and marker pen graffiti has become the material most often used .. In most countries, marking or painting of property without the property owner's consent is considered vandalism and vandalism, which is a punishable crime. Graffiti sometimes express political and social messages, and all genres of artistic expression is based on spray-paint graffiti style. For some, it is an art form worthy of display in galleries and exhibitions, to others he is just vandalism. Graffiti has evolved into a pop culture presence is often associated with underground hip hop, b-boying, and lifestyle that is still hidden from the general population Graffiti. Can be used as signal to mark gang territory or to serve as an indicator or "tags" for gang-related activities. The controversy surrounding graffiti continues to create disagreement among city officials / law enforcement and graffitists who want to display and appreciate the work in public locations. There are various types and styles of graffiti and is a fast growing artform whose value is highly contested, reviled by many authorities while also subject to protection, sometimes within the jurisdiction of the sama.EtimologiKuno graffiti, Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem
Graffiti and the graffiti is derived from the Italian graffiato ("scratch"). "Graffiti" is applied in art history with works of art produced by scratching the design onto the surface. A related term is "graffiti", which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique is mainly used by the pottery which would glaze their wares and then start the design into it. In ancient graffiti carved on the wall with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal is used. The word comes from Greek γράφειν - graphein - which means "write." History
Short-term graffiti referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, etc., found on the walls of ancient ruins sepulchers or, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. The use of the word has evolved to include graphics applied to the surface in a way that is vandalism.
The earliest forms of graffiti date back to 30,000 BCE in the form of prehistoric cave paintings and pictographs using tools such as animal bone and pigment. Illustrations are often placed in locations and sacred ceremonies in caves. Images are drawn on the walls showed scenes of wild animals and hunting expeditions in most circumstances. Form of graffiti is subject to disagreement [clarification needed Disagreements between whom and about what?] Considering the possibility that members of prehistoric society to support the formation of the illustrations.
Only known source of Safaitic language, a form of proto-Arabic, from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on the surface of the stone and the stones in the desert of southern Syria dominated basalt, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic from century to century BC a modern 4.Bergaya graffiti
The first known examples of graffiti "modern style" to survive in the ancient Greek city of Ephesus (in modern-day Turkey). Local guides say it is an advertisement for prostitution. Situated close to the road and stone mosaics, graffiti showing handprint that vaguely resembles a heart, along with the footprint and number. This is believed to indicate that a house nearby, with the handprint symbolizing pembayaran.Kuno Pompeii graffito caricature of a politician.
Ancient Romans carved graffiti on walls and monuments, examples of which also live in Egypt. Graffiti in the classical world has a different connotation than bringing about the content of today's society. ancient graffiti displayed phrase declarations of love, political rhetoric, and the simple words of thought than the message that current popular ideals of social and political. The eruption of Vesuvius preserved graffiti in Pompeii, including Latin curses, magic spells, declarations of love, alphabets, political slogans and famous literary quotes, providing insight into ancient Roman street life. One inscription gives the address of a woman named Novellia Primigenia from Nuceria, prostitute, it seems great beauty, a service that has been much in demand. Other shows phallus accompanied by the text, 'mansueta tene': "Handle with care."
Disappointed love also found its way into the walls in antiquity:

Quisquis Amat. veniat. Volo Veneri frangere Costas
fustibus et lumbos debilitare DEAE.
Si potest illa mihi pectus tenerum pertundere
quit ego non possim caput illae fuste frangere?

Whoever loves, go to hell. I want to break ribs Venus
with clubs and defective hip.
If he can break my tender heart
why can not I hit him in the head?

-CIL IV, 1284.
Alexamenos satirical graffito is believed to be the earliest known representation of Jesus.
Historic forms of graffiti have been helped to understand the advantage into the lifestyle and cultural language of the past. Errors in spelling and grammar in this graffiti offer insight into the level of literacy in Roman times and provide clues on the pronunciation of spoken Latin. Examples are CIL IV, 7838: Vettium Firmum / [ilem] AED quactiliar [ii] [sic] rog [ant]. Here, "qu" is pronounced "co." The 83 pieces of graffiti found at CIL IV, 4706-85 are evidence of the ability to read and write at the level of society where literacy might not be expected. Graffiti that appears in the peristyle which was being renovated at the time of the eruption of Vesuvius by architect Crescens. The graffiti was left by both the foreman and his workers. The brothel at CIL VII, 12, 18-20 contains over 120 pieces of graffiti, some of which were the work of the prostitutes and their clients. Gladiator academy at CIL IV, 4397 was scrawled with graffiti left by the gladiators Celadus Crescens (Suspirium puellarum Celadus thraex: "Celadus the Thracian makes the girls sigh.")
Another part of Pompeii, which was written on the walls of the store about the owner of his establishment and the wine in question:

Landlord, you may lie slander
Bring destruction on your head!
Your own drink unmixed wine,
Water selling your guests instead. Not only the Greeks and Romans that produced graffiti: the Mayan site of Tikal in Guatemala also contains ancient examples. Viking graffiti survive in Rome and at Newgrange Mound in Ireland, and a Varangian scratched (Halvdan) in runes on the banister in the Hagia Sophia in the form of graffiti early Constantinople.These have contributed to the understanding of language and cultural lifestyles of the past.
Graffiti, known as Tacherons, often scratched on the walls of the Roman church Skandinavia.Ketika Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and return with grottesche style decor. There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, like Signature Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.
Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s. Lord Byron survive. In one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Yunani.Modern grafitiUkiran of Kilroy in World War II Memorial in Washington, DC.Seorang army in Italy (1943-1944)
Graffiti is often regarded as having become the hip hop culture and the myriad of international style that originated from New York City Subway graffiti (see below). However, there are many other examples of prominent graffiti this century. Graffiti has long appeared on railroad boxcars and the subway. The one with the longest history, dating back to the 1920's and continues to this day, is Texino. [12] During World War II and for decades after that, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, because it is used by American troops and its filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing in New York with the words "Bird Lives" [13] student protests and general strike in May 1968 in Paris bedecked in revolutionary,. anarchist, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") is presented in painting graffiti, art posters, and stencil art. In the U.S. at that time other political phrases (like "Free Huey" about the Black Panther Huey Newton) became popular as a graffiti brief in limited areas, only to be forgotten. A popular graffito in the 1970s was the legend "Dick Nixon Before He Dicks You", which reflect the hostility of the youth culture that the U.S. president.
Rock and roll sub-genre of graffiti is significant. A famous graffito of the 20th century was the inscription in the London subway reading "Clapton is God". The phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington Underground station in the autumn of 1967. The graffiti was captured in a photograph, in which the dog was urinating on the wall. Graffiti also became associated with punk rock anti-establishment movement beginning in 1970. Bands like Black Flag and Crass (and their followers) widely stenciled name and logo, while many punk night clubs, squats and hangouts famous for their graffiti. In the late 1980s inverted Martini glass which is the tag for the punk band Missing Foundation is graffiti everywhere in Manhattan lowest, and copied by the hard-core punk fans throughout the United States and West Germany. [14]
Along the same lines is the legend of "Frodo Lives", referring to the protagonist of The Lord of the graffiti culture Rings.Penyebaran
In 1979, graffiti artist Lee Quinones and Fab 5 Freddy were given a gallery opening in Rome by art dealer Claudio Bruni. For many outside of New York, it was their first meeting with the art form. Fab 5 Freddy friendship with Debbie Harry influenced Blondie's single "Rapture" (Chrysalis, 1981), videos featuring Jean-Michel Basquiat from SAMO © Graffiti, and offer many their first glimpse of the picture elements of graffiti in hip hop culture. More important here is independent fiction released Charlie Ahearn's film Wild Style (Wild Style, 1982), and early PBS documentary Style Wars (1983). Hit songs like "The Message" and "Planet Rock" and music videos that accompany them (both 1982) contributed to a growing interest outside New York in all aspects of hip Wars hop.Style depicted not only famous graffiti artists like Skeme, Dondi , MinOne and Zephyr, but also strengthened the role of graffiti in the culture of New York hip-hop appears to include well-known groups like the beginning of break dancing Rock Steady Crew became the film that also features a rap soundtrack alone. Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what is happening in youth culture of hip hop from the early 1980s [15]. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983 [16] Hollywood also paid attention, consulting writers like PHASE 2 as described in culture and gave it international exposure in movies like Beat Street (Orion, 1984) ..
This period also saw the emergence of a new genre of stencil graffiti. Some of the first examples were created ca 1981 by graffiti artist Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1985 stencil has appeared in other cities, including New York City, Sydney and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis . [17] Graffiti as a warning
People often leave their footprints in wet cement or concrete. This type of graffiti is often commemorated with a partner's commitment, or simply note the presence of someone at any given moment. Often the type of graffiti is the date and left untouched for decades, offers a look into the minutiae of history lokal.Komersialisasi and into the pop culture mainstreamContoh crossover between video game culture and graffiti culture found on the Berlin Wall
With the popularity and legitimacy of graffiti has come the level of commercialization or graffiti for hire. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a symbol of peace, heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." However, because the illegality of some of the "street artists" were arrested and charged with vandalism, and IBM was fined more than $ 120,000 for the cost of punishing and clean-ups. [18] [19]
In 2005, the same ad campaign launched by Sony and performed by CRU pSdp in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles and Miami for the PSP handheld game system market. In this campaign, consider the legal issue of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the right to paint on their buildings "a collection of urban children dizzy-eyes playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle or a rocking horse." [19]
Along with the commercial growth has come the emergence of video games also depict graffiti, usually in a positive aspect - for example, Jet Set Radio series (2000-2003) tells the story of a group of teens fighting the oppression of totalitarian police force that attempts to restrict freedom of graffiti artists' talk. In plotlines mirroring the negative reaction of non-commercial artists to the commercialization of the artform by companies like IBM (and, later, Sony itself) the Rakugaki Ōkoku series (2003-2005) for Sony's PlayStation 2 revolves around an anonymous hero and magically imbued-with the creation graffiti-life as they struggle against an evil king who only allows art to be produced which can be beneficial for him. After the original roots of modern graffiti as a political force came another game title Marc Ecko's Getting Up: Contents Under Pressure (2006), which featured storylines involving the fight against a corrupt city and the suppression of freedom of speech, such as the Jet Set Radio series.
Other games which feature graffiti include Bomb the World (2004), an online graffiti simulation created by graffiti artist Klark Kent where users can virtually paint trains at 20 locations around the world, and Super Mario Sunshine (2002), in which the hero, Mario must clean the city of graffiti left by the villain, Bowser Jr. in a plotline that evokes the success of the Anti-Graffiti Task Force of New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani (a manifestation of "broken window theory") or people from the "Graffiti Blasters" Mayor Richard M . Daley Chicago.Sebuah graffiti depiction of the 1978 game Space InvadersSebuah graffiti depiction of pop star Michael Jackson
Many other video games non-graffiti-centric allows the player to produce graffiti (such as Half-Life series, Tony Hawk series, The Urbz: Sims in the City, Rolling and Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas). Counter-Strike is a mod of Half-Life allows users to create their own and tags in the game. Many other titles contain in-game depictions of graffiti (like The Darkness, Double Dragon 3: The Rosetta Stone, Nethack, Samurai Champloo: distracted, The World Ends With You, The Warriors, Just Cause, Portal, various examples of Virtual Graffiti, etc.) . There are also a number of games in which the term "graffiti" is used as a synonym for "drawing" (such as Yahoo Graffiti, Graffiti, etc.).
Marc Ecko, an urban clothing designer, has become the advocate of graffiti as an art form during this period, stating that "Graffiti is without question the most powerful art movement in history and has been a driving inspiration throughout my career."
Keith Haring is a well-known graffiti artist who brings other Pop Art and graffiti to the commercial mainstream. In the 1980s, Haring opened the Pop Shop's first: a store that offered everyone access to his work-which until then only found spray-painted on city walls. Pop Shop offered commodities like bags and t-shirts. Haring explained that, "The Shop Pop making my work accessible. It's about participation in a large degree, the point is that we do not want to produce things that would cheapen the art In other words,. It's still art as statement".
Graffiti has become a common stepping stone for many members of both art and design communities in North America and abroad. In the United States Graffiti Artists such as Mike Giant, Chasing, poetry, Noah and many others have made a career in skateboarding, clothing and shoe designs for companies such as DC Shoes, Adidas, Rebel8 Osiris or Circa [21] While there are many others like DZINE, Daze, Blade, The Mac that has made a switch to the gallery artists often do not even use their original media, paint spray. But perhaps the greatest example of graffiti artists infiltration of mainstream pop culture by the French crew, 123Klan. 123Klan established as a graffiti crew in 1989 by Scien and chlorine, are gradually changing their hand for illustration and design while maintaining practice their graffiti and style. In doing so, they have been designed and manufactured, logos and illustrations, shoes, and fashion for people like Nike, Adidas, Lamborghini, Coca Cola, Stussy, Sony, Nasdaq and more. Progress GlobalAmerika SelatanArtful graffiti in Olinda, Brazil
There is a significant graffiti tradition in South America especially in Brazil. In Brazil, São Paulo is generally regarded as the central moment of inspiration for many graffiti artists around the world. Brazil 'offers a unique graffiti scene and the very rich ... [earning] it an international reputation as a place to go for artistic inspiration. " Graffiti "developing in every possible space in cities in Brazil." Artistic parallels ". are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York" "metropolis," from São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti;" Manco mention "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggle and conditions of the marginalized communities in this country, "and" chronic poverty in Brazil, "as the main engines that" graffiti culture has sparked a spirited "In this world, Brazil has" one of the most uneven distributions of income and the Law. taxes change frequently. " these factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that support and feed the "folkloric vandalism and urban sport for the disenfranchised," a South American art TengahGrafiti grafitti.Timur in Tehran, Iran .
Graffiti in the Middle East slowly emerged, with a bag taggers operating in the various' Emirates of United Arab Emirates, in Israel, and in Iran. The Hamshahri Iran's main newspapers have published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photo coverage of works by Iranian artists on the walls A1one Tehran. Tokyo-based design magazine PingMag has interviewed A1one and showing photos of his West Bank barrier Israel has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in the sense of the Berlin Wall .. Many graffiti artists in Israel come from other places around the world, such as the JUIF, of Los Angeles, and DEVIONE from London. Religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nachman nach Nachma Meuman") commonly seen graffitied around Israel.Metode and production
Modern day graffiti artists can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for successful production of this piece. Includes techniques such as cutting. However, the aerosol spray paint cans are the number one requirement for the graffiti. These commodities come from different styles, techniques, and ability to form the master works of visual graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware stores and art and come in almost every color.
Stencil graffiti, dating from the early 1980s, made by cutting shapes and designs in rigid material (such as cardboard or subject folder) to form an overall design or picture. stencil is then placed over soft canvas and with a quick, easy stroke aerosol can, a picture began to emerge on the surface in question. The method is popular among graffiti artists as a fast technique that requires very little time. Time is always a factor with graffiti because of the threat of constant experimentation caught by enforcement hukum.Modern
Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technology. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes as new media for graffiti writers. Italian artist Kaso pursuing regenerative graffiti through experimentation with abstract shapes and deliberate modification of previous graffiti artworks. Yarnbombing latest is another form of graffiti. Yarnbombers sometimes earlier graffiti targets for general modifikasi.Karakteristik grafitiLihat also: Graffiti terminologiBerbagai different graffiti styles can be found in the alley in London, Ontario.Contoh tag from Germany
Some of the most common styles of graffiti have their own names. A "tag" is writing the most basic of the artist's name, it is just a handstyle. tag graffiti writer is his personal signature. Tagging is often the example given when opponents of graffiti refer to any act of writing graffiti handstyle (it is by far the most common form of graffiti). Tags can contain subtle messages and sometimes vague, and might incorporate the artist's initials or crew other letters. One form of tag that is known as the "piss" is the act of taking a fire extinguisher is rechargeable and replace the contents inside with paint, allowing the tag as high as about 20 feet. Aims and maintain steady handstyle in the form of marking is very difficult, usually out bumpy and sloppy.
Another form is "throw-ups", also known as the "bomb" which is usually painted very quickly with two or three colors, sacrificing aesthetics for speed. Throw-ups can also be described on the surface with one color. A "piece" is a more complex representation of the artist's name, incorporating more style letters, usually combine a variety of colors that much greater. This is of course more time consuming and increases the likelihood of the artist getting caught. A "blockbuster" or "roller" is a great piece, is almost always done in the style of block-shaped, made just to cover a large area solid with two contrasting colors, sometimes with the aim of blocking all other authors of the paintings on the same wall. This is usually accomplished with paint rollers and gallons of paint extended exterior murah.Contoh stencil graffiti, a very common style of modern graffiti, in Moncton, Canada
A more complex style is "wildstyle", a form of graffiti usually involving letters to each other and connect the dots. These pieces are often difficult to read by non-graffiti artists as the letters merge into one another in ways that are often undecipherable. Some artists also use stickers as a quick way to catch up. While certain critics from within graffiti culture consider this lazy, stickers can be very detailed in their own right, and often used in conjunction with other materials. Sticker tags are usually done on blank postage stickers, because it can easily be obtained with no cost to the author.
Many graffiti artists believe that doing too large complex piece involving an investment of time to justify this practice. Doing a piece can take (depending on experience and size) 30 minutes to many months, as happened to Saber MSK when working on parts of the world's largest graffiti LA river. Another graffiti artist can be more than a piece in a matter of minutes with a simple gag. This is exemplified by the writer "CAP" in the documentary Style Wars, which, other writers complain, ruins pieces with his quick throw ups. This is known as "capping" and is often done when there is "beef", conflict between penulis.MenggunakanStensil by Fekner John: stencil Charlotte Street, South Bronx, New York, 1980.
Theories about the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least Scandinavian Institute of Comparative Vandalism in 1961. Many contemporary analysts and even art critics began to see value in some graffiti art and recognize it as a form of public art. According to art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, the kind of public art, is actually an effective tool of social emancipation or in the achievement of political objectives. Mural in Belfast and Los Angeles offer another example of official recognition. In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self expression for members of social, ethnic and / or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus to overcome the split in the long term. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by Graffiti reflect the social pressures associated with oppressive Soviet rule over GDR.pemanfaatan unique graffiti used here as a method to express their sexual orientation. Montclair, California.
Many artists involved with Graffiti also are concerned with similar activities Stencilling. Basically, it requires a stencil print of one or more colors using spray paint. Recognized as exhibited and published some colored stencils and paintings depict the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka and urban England in the early 2000s, graffiti artist Mathangi Arulpragasam aka MIA also became known for integrating his self-image of political violence into her music video for the single "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and its cover art. Stickers her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lampposts and street signs, after he became an inspiration for other graffiti artist / painter in the world in cities including Seville Graffiti. artist John Fekner, called "caption writer urban environment, Adman for the opposition" by writer Lucy Lippard, engaging in direct intervention of art in a decaying urban environment of New York City in the mid-seventies through the eighties. Fekner known for his word installations targeting social issues and politics, stenciled on buildings throughout New York. "Back from the three types of funny" With the Dutch artist Ces53 grafiti.Anonymous artists
Graffiti artists threats constantly have to face the looming consequences to display their graffiti. Many are choosing to protect their identity and reputation to remain anonymous.
With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in many cases, even with the laws of painting art "graffiti" graffiti artists tend to choose anonymity. This may be due to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains 1 of the 4 elements of hip hop that is not considered "performance art" even though the image of "singing and dancing star" which sells hip hop into mainstream culture. Being a form of art, can also be said that graffiti artists are still a lot of falls in the category of typical introverted artist.
Banksy is one of the most famous street artists and popular in the world who continue to remain faceless in society today. He is known for his political art, stenciling anti-war, especially in Bristol, England, but his work can be seen everywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for the cultural arts movement and keep his identity secret to avoid arrest. Many of Banksy art work can be seen around the streets of London and the surrounding suburbs, though he has painted pictures around the world, including the Middle East, where he has been painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the side other. One depicted a hole in the wall with a beautiful beach, while others show views of the mountain on the other. A number of exhibitions have taken place since 2000, and works of art recently has taken a large amount of money. Banksy art is a prime example of the classic controversy: art vs. vandalism. Art supporters to support his work is distributed in urban areas as art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, officially to protect them, while other officials had considered his work to be vandalism and have removed it.
Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep his identity from the public. His work focuses on the beauty and design aspects of graffiti because it undermines the value of anti-government Banksy shocks. His paintings often floral design at top shops and stores in its urban areas of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners to support their work and encourage others to do so as well. "One of the remaining part on Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome" - Erin Scott, manager of New England Comics on Allston.Radikal and politics
Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although consideration of the practitioners are often distorted and may be associated with a variety of attitudes. This can reveal the political practice and can form just one tool in a variety of resistance techniques.

Graffiti (singular: graffiti, plural is used as a mass noun) is the name for the drawing or writing scratched, scrawled, painted or marked in any way on the property. Graffiti is a common sign of any kind which may arise in the form of the written word simply to elaborate wall paintings. Graffiti has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire In modern times the paint, especially spray paint and marker pen graffiti has become the material most often used .. In most countries, marking or painting of property without the property owner's consent is considered vandalism and vandalism, which is a punishable crime. Graffiti sometimes express political and social messages, and all genres of artistic expression is based on spray-paint graffiti style. For some, it is an art form worthy of display in galleries and exhibitions, to others he is just vandalism. Graffiti has evolved into a pop culture presence is often associated with underground hip hop, b-boying, and lifestyle that is still hidden from the general population Graffiti. Can be used as signal to mark gang territory or to serve as an indicator or "tags" for gang-related activities. The controversy surrounding graffiti continues to create disagreement among city officials / law enforcement and graffitists who want to display and appreciate the work in public locations. There are various types and styles of graffiti and is a fast growing artform whose value is highly contested, reviled by many authorities while also subject to protection, sometimes within the jurisdiction of the sama.EtimologiKuno graffiti, Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem
Graffiti and the graffiti is derived from the Italian graffiato ("scratch"). "Graffiti" is applied in art history with works of art produced by scratching the design onto the surface. A related term is "graffiti", which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique is mainly used by the pottery which would glaze their wares and then start the design into it. In ancient graffiti carved on the wall with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal is used. The word comes from Greek γράφειν - graphein - which means "write." History
Short-term graffiti referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, etc., found on the walls of ancient ruins sepulchers or, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. The use of the word has evolved to include graphics applied to the surface in a way that is vandalism.
The earliest forms of graffiti date back to 30,000 BCE in the form of prehistoric cave paintings and pictographs using tools such as animal bone and pigment. Illustrations are often placed in locations and sacred ceremonies in caves. Images are drawn on the walls showed scenes of wild animals and hunting expeditions in most circumstances. Form of graffiti is subject to disagreement [clarification needed Disagreements between whom and about what?] Considering the possibility that members of prehistoric society to support the formation of the illustrations.
Only known source of Safaitic language, a form of proto-Arabic, from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on the surface of the stone and the stones in the desert of southern Syria dominated basalt, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic from century to century BC a modern 4.Bergaya graffiti
The first known examples of graffiti "modern style" to survive in the ancient Greek city of Ephesus (in modern-day Turkey). Local guides say it is an advertisement for prostitution. Situated close to the road and stone mosaics, graffiti showing handprint that vaguely resembles a heart, along with the footprint and number. This is believed to indicate that a house nearby, with the handprint symbolizing pembayaran.Kuno Pompeii graffito caricature of a politician.
Ancient Romans carved graffiti on walls and monuments, examples of which also live in Egypt. Graffiti in the classical world has a different connotation than bringing about the content of today's society. ancient graffiti displayed phrase declarations of love, political rhetoric, and the simple words of thought than the message that current popular ideals of social and political. The eruption of Vesuvius preserved graffiti in Pompeii, including Latin curses, magic spells, declarations of love, alphabets, political slogans and famous literary quotes, providing insight into ancient Roman street life. One inscription gives the address of a woman named Novellia Primigenia from Nuceria, prostitute, it seems great beauty, a service that has been much in demand. Other shows phallus accompanied by the text, 'mansueta tene': "Handle with care."
Disappointed love also found its way into the walls in antiquity:

Quisquis Amat. veniat. Volo Veneri frangere Costas
fustibus et lumbos debilitare DEAE.
Si potest illa mihi pectus tenerum pertundere
quit ego non possim caput illae fuste frangere?

Whoever loves, go to hell. I want to break ribs Venus
with clubs and defective hip.
If he can break my tender heart
why can not I hit him in the head?

-CIL IV, 1284.
Alexamenos satirical graffito is believed to be the earliest known representation of Jesus.
Historic forms of graffiti have been helped to understand the advantage into the lifestyle and cultural language of the past. Errors in spelling and grammar in this graffiti offer insight into the level of literacy in Roman times and provide clues on the pronunciation of spoken Latin. Examples are CIL IV, 7838: Vettium Firmum / [ilem] AED quactiliar [ii] [sic] rog [ant]. Here, "qu" is pronounced "co." The 83 pieces of graffiti found at CIL IV, 4706-85 are evidence of the ability to read and write at the level of society where literacy might not be expected. Graffiti that appears in the peristyle which was being renovated at the time of the eruption of Vesuvius by architect Crescens. The graffiti was left by both the foreman and his workers. The brothel at CIL VII, 12, 18-20 contains over 120 pieces of graffiti, some of which were the work of the prostitutes and their clients. Gladiator academy at CIL IV, 4397 was scrawled with graffiti left by the gladiators Celadus Crescens (Suspirium puellarum Celadus thraex: "Celadus the Thracian makes the girls sigh.")
Another part of Pompeii, which was written on the walls of the store about the owner of his establishment and the wine in question:

Landlord, you may lie slander
Bring destruction on your head!
Your own drink unmixed wine,
Water selling your guests instead. Not only the Greeks and Romans that produced graffiti: the Mayan site of Tikal in Guatemala also contains ancient examples. Viking graffiti survive in Rome and at Newgrange Mound in Ireland, and a Varangian scratched (Halvdan) in runes on the banister in the Hagia Sophia in the form of graffiti early Constantinople.These have contributed to the understanding of language and cultural lifestyles of the past.
Graffiti, known as Tacherons, often scratched on the walls of the Roman church Skandinavia.Ketika Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and return with grottesche style decor. There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, like Signature Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.
Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s. Lord Byron survive. In one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Yunani.Modern grafitiUkiran of Kilroy in World War II Memorial in Washington, DC.Seorang army in Italy (1943-1944)
Graffiti is often regarded as having become the hip hop culture and the myriad of international style that originated from New York City Subway graffiti (see below). However, there are many other examples of prominent graffiti this century. Graffiti has long appeared on railroad boxcars and the subway. The one with the longest history, dating back to the 1920's and continues to this day, is Texino. [12] During World War II and for decades after that, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, because it is used by American troops and its filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing in New York with the words "Bird Lives" [13] student protests and general strike in May 1968 in Paris bedecked in revolutionary,. anarchist, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") is presented in painting graffiti, art posters, and stencil art. In the U.S. at that time other political phrases (like "Free Huey" about the Black Panther Huey Newton) became popular as a graffiti brief in limited areas, only to be forgotten. A popular graffito in the 1970s was the legend "Dick Nixon Before He Dicks You", which reflect the hostility of the youth culture that the U.S. president.
Rock and roll sub-genre of graffiti is significant. A famous graffito of the 20th century was the inscription in the London subway reading "Clapton is God". The phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington Underground station in the autumn of 1967. The graffiti was captured in a photograph, in which the dog was urinating on the wall. Graffiti also became associated with punk rock anti-establishment movement beginning in 1970. Bands like Black Flag and Crass (and their followers) widely stenciled name and logo, while many punk night clubs, squats and hangouts famous for their graffiti. In the late 1980s inverted Martini glass which is the tag for the punk band Missing Foundation is graffiti everywhere in Manhattan lowest, and copied by the hard-core punk fans throughout the United States and West Germany. [14]
Along the same lines is the legend of "Frodo Lives", referring to the protagonist of The Lord of the graffiti culture Rings.Penyebaran
In 1979, graffiti artist Lee Quinones and Fab 5 Freddy were given a gallery opening in Rome by art dealer Claudio Bruni. For many outside of New York, it was their first meeting with the art form. Fab 5 Freddy friendship with Debbie Harry influenced Blondie's single "Rapture" (Chrysalis, 1981), videos featuring Jean-Michel Basquiat from SAMO © Graffiti, and offer many their first glimpse of the picture elements of graffiti in hip hop culture. More important here is independent fiction released Charlie Ahearn's film Wild Style (Wild Style, 1982), and early PBS documentary Style Wars (1983). Hit songs like "The Message" and "Planet Rock" and music videos that accompany them (both 1982) contributed to a growing interest outside New York in all aspects of hip Wars hop.Style depicted not only famous graffiti artists like Skeme, Dondi , MinOne and Zephyr, but also strengthened the role of graffiti in the culture of New York hip-hop appears to include well-known groups like the beginning of break dancing Rock Steady Crew became the film that also features a rap soundtrack alone. Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what is happening in youth culture of hip hop from the early 1980s [15]. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983 [16] Hollywood also paid attention, consulting writers like PHASE 2 as described in culture and gave it international exposure in movies like Beat Street (Orion, 1984) ..
This period also saw the emergence of a new genre of stencil graffiti. Some of the first examples were created ca 1981 by graffiti artist Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1985 stencil has appeared in other cities, including New York City, Sydney and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis . [17] Graffiti as a warning
People often leave their footprints in wet cement or concrete. This type of graffiti is often commemorated with a partner's commitment, or simply note the presence of someone at any given moment. Often the type of graffiti is the date and left untouched for decades, offers a look into the minutiae of history lokal.Komersialisasi and into the pop culture mainstreamContoh crossover between video game culture and graffiti culture found on the Berlin Wall
With the popularity and legitimacy of graffiti has come the level of commercialization or graffiti for hire. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a symbol of peace, heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." However, because the illegality of some of the "street artists" were arrested and charged with vandalism, and IBM was fined more than $ 120,000 for the cost of punishing and clean-ups. [18] [19]
In 2005, the same ad campaign launched by Sony and performed by CRU pSdp in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles and Miami for the PSP handheld game system market. In this campaign, consider the legal issue of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the right to paint on their buildings "a collection of urban children dizzy-eyes playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle or a rocking horse." [19]
Along with the commercial growth has come the emergence of video games also depict graffiti, usually in a positive aspect - for example, Jet Set Radio series (2000-2003) tells the story of a group of teens fighting the oppression of totalitarian police force that attempts to restrict freedom of graffiti artists' talk. In plotlines mirroring the negative reaction of non-commercial artists to the commercialization of the artform by companies like IBM (and, later, Sony itself) the Rakugaki Ōkoku series (2003-2005) for Sony's PlayStation 2 revolves around an anonymous hero and magically imbued-with the creation graffiti-life as they struggle against an evil king who only allows art to be produced which can be beneficial for him. After the original roots of modern graffiti as a political force came another game title Marc Ecko's Getting Up: Contents Under Pressure (2006), which featured storylines involving the fight against a corrupt city and the suppression of freedom of speech, such as the Jet Set Radio series.
Other games which feature graffiti include Bomb the World (2004), an online graffiti simulation created by graffiti artist Klark Kent where users can virtually paint trains at 20 locations around the world, and Super Mario Sunshine (2002), in which the hero, Mario must clean the city of graffiti left by the villain, Bowser Jr. in a plotline that evokes the success of the Anti-Graffiti Task Force of New York City Mayor Rudolph Giuliani (a manifestation of "broken window theory") or people from the "Graffiti Blasters" Mayor Richard M . Daley Chicago.Sebuah graffiti depiction of the 1978 game Space InvadersSebuah graffiti depiction of pop star Michael Jackson
Many other video games non-graffiti-centric allows the player to produce graffiti (such as Half-Life series, Tony Hawk series, The Urbz: Sims in the City, Rolling and Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas). Counter-Strike is a mod of Half-Life allows users to create their own and tags in the game. Many other titles contain in-game depictions of graffiti (like The Darkness, Double Dragon 3: The Rosetta Stone, Nethack, Samurai Champloo: distracted, The World Ends With You, The Warriors, Just Cause, Portal, various examples of Virtual Graffiti, etc.) . There are also a number of games in which the term "graffiti" is used as a synonym for "drawing" (such as Yahoo Graffiti, Graffiti, etc.).
Marc Ecko, an urban clothing designer, has become the advocate of graffiti as an art form during this period, stating that "Graffiti is without question the most powerful art movement in history and has been a driving inspiration throughout my career."
Keith Haring is a well-known graffiti artist who brings other Pop Art and graffiti to the commercial mainstream. In the 1980s, Haring opened the Pop Shop's first: a store that offered everyone access to his work-which until then only found spray-painted on city walls. Pop Shop offered commodities like bags and t-shirts. Haring explained that, "The Shop Pop making my work accessible. It's about participation in a large degree, the point is that we do not want to produce things that would cheapen the art In other words,. It's still art as statement".
Graffiti has become a common stepping stone for many members of both art and design communities in North America and abroad. In the United States Graffiti Artists such as Mike Giant, Chasing, poetry, Noah and many others have made a career in skateboarding, clothing and shoe designs for companies such as DC Shoes, Adidas, Rebel8 Osiris or Circa [21] While there are many others like DZINE, Daze, Blade, The Mac that has made a switch to the gallery artists often do not even use their original media, paint spray. But perhaps the greatest example of graffiti artists infiltration of mainstream pop culture by the French crew, 123Klan. 123Klan established as a graffiti crew in 1989 by Scien and chlorine, are gradually changing their hand for illustration and design while maintaining practice their graffiti and style. In doing so, they have been designed and manufactured, logos and illustrations, shoes, and fashion for people like Nike, Adidas, Lamborghini, Coca Cola, Stussy, Sony, Nasdaq and more. Progress GlobalAmerika SelatanArtful graffiti in Olinda, Brazil
There is a significant graffiti tradition in South America especially in Brazil. In Brazil, São Paulo is generally regarded as the central moment of inspiration for many graffiti artists around the world. Brazil 'offers a unique graffiti scene and the very rich ... [earning] it an international reputation as a place to go for artistic inspiration. " Graffiti "developing in every possible space in cities in Brazil." Artistic parallels ". are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York" "metropolis," from São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti;" Manco mention "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggle and conditions of the marginalized communities in this country, "and" chronic poverty in Brazil, "as the main engines that" graffiti culture has sparked a spirited "In this world, Brazil has" one of the most uneven distributions of income and the Law. taxes change frequently. " these factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that support and feed the "folkloric vandalism and urban sport for the disenfranchised," a South American art TengahGrafiti grafitti.Timur in Tehran, Iran .
Graffiti in the Middle East slowly emerged, with a bag taggers operating in the various' Emirates of United Arab Emirates, in Israel, and in Iran. The Hamshahri Iran's main newspapers have published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photo coverage of works by Iranian artists on the walls A1one Tehran. Tokyo-based design magazine PingMag has interviewed A1one and showing photos of his West Bank barrier Israel has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in the sense of the Berlin Wall .. Many graffiti artists in Israel come from other places around the world, such as the JUIF, of Los Angeles, and DEVIONE from London. Religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nachman nach Nachma Meuman") commonly seen graffitied around Israel.Metode and production
Modern day graffiti artists can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for successful production of this piece. Includes techniques such as cutting. However, the aerosol spray paint cans are the number one requirement for the graffiti. These commodities come from different styles, techniques, and ability to form the master works of visual graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware stores and art and come in almost every color.
Stencil graffiti, dating from the early 1980s, made by cutting shapes and designs in rigid material (such as cardboard or subject folder) to form an overall design or picture. stencil is then placed over soft canvas and with a quick, easy stroke aerosol can, a picture began to emerge on the surface in question. The method is popular among graffiti artists as a fast technique that requires very little time. Time is always a factor with graffiti because of the threat of constant experimentation caught by enforcement hukum.Modern
Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technology. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes as new media for graffiti writers. Italian artist Kaso pursuing regenerative graffiti through experimentation with abstract shapes and deliberate modification of previous graffiti artworks. Yarnbombing latest is another form of graffiti. Yarnbombers sometimes earlier graffiti targets for general modifikasi.Karakteristik grafitiLihat also: Graffiti terminologiBerbagai different graffiti styles can be found in the alley in London, Ontario.Contoh tag from Germany
Some of the most common styles of graffiti have their own names. A "tag" is writing the most basic of the artist's name, it is just a handstyle. tag graffiti writer is his personal signature. Tagging is often the example given when opponents of graffiti refer to any act of writing graffiti handstyle (it is by far the most common form of graffiti). Tags can contain subtle messages and sometimes vague, and might incorporate the artist's initials or crew other letters. One form of tag that is known as the "piss" is the act of taking a fire extinguisher is rechargeable and replace the contents inside with paint, allowing the tag as high as about 20 feet. Aims and maintain steady handstyle in the form of marking is very difficult, usually out bumpy and sloppy.
Another form is "throw-ups", also known as the "bomb" which is usually painted very quickly with two or three colors, sacrificing aesthetics for speed. Throw-ups can also be described on the surface with one color. A "piece" is a more complex representation of the artist's name, incorporating more style letters, usually combine a variety of colors that much greater. This is of course more time consuming and increases the likelihood of the artist getting caught. A "blockbuster" or "roller" is a great piece, is almost always done in the style of block-shaped, made just to cover a large area solid with two contrasting colors, sometimes with the aim of blocking all other authors of the paintings on the same wall. This is usually accomplished with paint rollers and gallons of paint extended exterior murah.Contoh stencil graffiti, a very common style of modern graffiti, in Moncton, Canada
A more complex style is "wildstyle", a form of graffiti usually involving letters to each other and connect the dots. These pieces are often difficult to read by non-graffiti artists as the letters merge into one another in ways that are often undecipherable. Some artists also use stickers as a quick way to catch up. While certain critics from within graffiti culture consider this lazy, stickers can be very detailed in their own right, and often used in conjunction with other materials. Sticker tags are usually done on blank postage stickers, because it can easily be obtained with no cost to the author.
Many graffiti artists believe that doing too large complex piece involving an investment of time to justify this practice. Doing a piece can take (depending on experience and size) 30 minutes to many months, as happened to Saber MSK when working on parts of the world's largest graffiti LA river. Another graffiti artist can be more than a piece in a matter of minutes with a simple gag. This is exemplified by the writer "CAP" in the documentary Style Wars, which, other writers complain, ruins pieces with his quick throw ups. This is known as "capping" and is often done when there is "beef", conflict between penulis.MenggunakanStensil by Fekner John: stencil Charlotte Street, South Bronx, New York, 1980.
Theories about the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least Scandinavian Institute of Comparative Vandalism in 1961. Many contemporary analysts and even art critics began to see value in some graffiti art and recognize it as a form of public art. According to art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, the kind of public art, is actually an effective tool of social emancipation or in the achievement of political objectives. Mural in Belfast and Los Angeles offer another example of official recognition. In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self expression for members of social, ethnic and / or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus to overcome the split in the long term. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by Graffiti reflect the social pressures associated with oppressive Soviet rule over GDR.pemanfaatan unique graffiti used here as a method to express their sexual orientation. Montclair, California.
Many artists involved with Graffiti also are concerned with similar activities Stencilling. Basically, it requires a stencil print of one or more colors using spray paint. Recognized as exhibited and published some colored stencils and paintings depict the ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka and urban England in the early 2000s, graffiti artist Mathangi Arulpragasam aka MIA also became known for integrating his self-image of political violence into her music video for the single "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and its cover art. Stickers her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lampposts and street signs, after he became an inspiration for other graffiti artist / painter in the world in cities including Seville Graffiti. artist John Fekner, called "caption writer urban environment, Adman for the opposition" by writer Lucy Lippard, engaging in direct intervention of art in a decaying urban environment of New York City in the mid-seventies through the eighties. Fekner known for his word installations targeting social issues and politics, stenciled on buildings throughout New York. "Back from the three types of funny" With the Dutch artist Ces53 grafiti.Anonymous artists
Graffiti artists threats constantly have to face the looming consequences to display their graffiti. Many are choosing to protect their identity and reputation to remain anonymous.
With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in many cases, even with the laws of painting art "graffiti" graffiti artists tend to choose anonymity. This may be due to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains 1 of the 4 elements of hip hop that is not considered "performance art" even though the image of "singing and dancing star" which sells hip hop into mainstream culture. Being a form of art, can also be said that graffiti artists are still a lot of falls in the category of typical introverted artist.
Banksy is one of the most famous street artists and popular in the world who continue to remain faceless in society today. He is known for his political art, stenciling anti-war, especially in Bristol, England, but his work can be seen everywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for the cultural arts movement and keep his identity secret to avoid arrest. Many of Banksy art work can be seen around the streets of London and the surrounding suburbs, though he has painted pictures around the world, including the Middle East, where he has been painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the side other. One depicted a hole in the wall with a beautiful beach, while others show views of the mountain on the other. A number of exhibitions have taken place since 2000, and works of art recently has taken a large amount of money. Banksy art is a prime example of the classic controversy: art vs. vandalism. Art supporters to support his work is distributed in urban areas as art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, officially to protect them, while other officials had considered his work to be vandalism and have removed it.
Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep his identity from the public. His work focuses on the beauty and design aspects of graffiti because it undermines the value of anti-government Banksy shocks. His paintings often floral design at top shops and stores in its urban areas of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners to support their work and encourage others to do so as well. "One of the remaining part on Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome" - Erin Scott, manager of New England Comics on Allston.Radikal and politics
Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although consideration of the practitioners are often distorted and may be associated with a variety of attitudes. This can reveal the political practice and can form just one tool in a variety of resistance techniques.